Vocabulary 12th grade
How to study for a vocabulary quiz
Be able to:
1. Write a definition for each word.
2. Use each word in a sentence that shows the words meaning.
3. Complete sentences by filling in blanks with appropriate vocabulary words.
List #10 - Words from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead
105. fortuitous (adj) - happening by chance, esp by a lucky chance
: She won the lottery at a fortuitous time – the day after she lost her job.
106. syllogism (n) – a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two propositions
Instead of a sentence using the word, write an example of a syllogism, such as:
: All dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs.
: All squares are rectangles and all rectangles are shapes, therefore you can deduce that all squares are shapes.
List #9
95. Utopia (n) – a place of ideal perfection esp. in laws, government, and social conditions
ORIGIN based on Greek ou ‘not’ + topos ‘place.’
Word first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More.
: He was pursuing a utopian dream of world prosperity.
: The town's founders wanted to create a Christian utopia.
96. dystopia (n) - an imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives
ORIGIN based on Greek dys ‘not’ + utopia.
: The “Mad Max” movies are set in a post-apocalyptic dystopia.
97. pedant (n) - a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they merit
: The grammar nazi was a dull pedant to his peers, always correcting everyone’s mistakes.
: Her pedantic insistence on following the rules exactly grew tedious to her students.
98. gambol (v) – to leap about playfully; frolic
: The dog owners chat while their pooches gambol on the park's lawn.
99. ecocide (n) - destruction of the natural environment (as by pollutants or an act of war)
: If we are to prevent ecocide, it's time to decommission the car in defense of nature.
: Many dystopian films depict a future world committing ecocide.
100. moribund (adj) – being in a state of dying or obsolescence
: Blade Runner creates its moribund atmosphere through mood music and lighting; most scenes are dark, gloomy with incessant acid rain.
: The actor is trying to revive his moribund career.
101. obsolescence (n) –the condition of no longer being used or useful; gradual disappearance
: The future depicted in Children of Men includes rampant infertility which could lead to the obsolescence of humanity.
: Once a cutting edge technology, 8-track tape players have fallen into obsolescence.
102. Shanti (Sanskirt; also spelled Santhi or Shanthi) (n) - peace
: The Shanti Project is a group providing support and guidance for people with life-threatening illnesses.
: The closing credits to Children of Men include the words "Shantih Shantih Shantih," a common beginning and ending to Hindu prayers.
103. mise-en-scène (n) – the design aspects of a film or theater production (sets, props, costumes, lighting, camera placement, etc.); the visual theme; Fr. “placing on stage”
: Blade Runner’s mise-en-scene invokes a moribund atmosphere of over-crowding, filth, and despair.
: “If there is one aspect of filmmaking for which Terry Gilliam has won widespread acclaim from scholars and journalistic film reviewers, it is his extraordinary mise-en-scene — that particular manner in which he arranges his cinematic elements in order to achieve a unique style.” - Keith James Hamel, Film Studies Professor
104. tragicomedy (n) - a drama or a situation blending tragic and comic elements
: Terry Gilliam’s films feature dark comedy and often end with a tragicomic twist.
: Shakespeare’s tragicomedies, such as The Winter's Tale, reach a tragic climax but then lighten to a happy conclusion.
List #8
83. metamorphosis (n) – a change in form, appearance, etc; the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult
: We watched her metamorphosis from presidential candidate to talk-show host
: The class learned about how caterpillars undergo a metamorphosis to become butterflies.
84. unassailable (adj) - unable to be attacked, questioned, or defeated
: The Knicks had an unassailable lead once Jeremy Lin joined the game.
: One of the unassailable beliefs of that political party is…
85. kafkaesque (adj) - having a nightmarishly complex, bizarre, or illogical quality
: The kafkaesque terror of the endless interrogations…
: A trip to the DMV can turn into a kafkaesque experience.
86. invocation (n) – the act of calling on someone or something for assistance (or as an authority)
: “He had to be content with listening to her sighs and invocations to the saints” (8).
: The poem begins with an invocation to the Muses for information.
: He hoped his repeated invocations of the ancient philosophers would bolster his argument.
87. admonition (n) - cautionary advice or warning
: She is full of admonitions about smoking now that she's given up.
: The old judge's admonition to the jury was particularly weighty.
88. existentialism (n) – the philosophy that the individual person is a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will
: Fairy tales help children cope with their existential anxieties and dilemmas.
: People who suffer from existential angst question why they exist.
: The existentialist believed that “Hell is other people.”
89. impresario (n) - a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas
: He's the actor turned impresario behind the new theater down town.
: The impresario arranged the hunger artist’s tour of Europe.
90. illimitable (adj) - without limits or an end
: an illimitable source of inspiration
: the illimitable vastness of the universe
91. subserve (v) - to be useful in promoting (a purpose, action)
: Light exercise subserves digestion.
: She concentrated fully, ignoring everything that did “not directly subserve her singing… as if she were laid bare…and living only in her song” (2).
92. contravention (n) - an action that violates a law, treaty, or other ruling
: He denied that the new law was a contravention of fundamental rights.
Often… “in contravention of”
: Judges, your duty lies plain before you--here can be no testimony in contravention of truth.
List #7 - words from The Picture of Dorian Gray
71. lionize (vb) – to treat someone as a celebrity
“I had only met her once before, but she took it into her head to lionize me”
: She was lionized everywhere after her novel won the Pulitzer Prize.
72. Hedonism (n) – the doctrince that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good
“Be afraid of nothing…a new Hedonism – that is what our century wants.”
: Ads for Las Vegas imply that your stay will include acts of reckless hedonism.
73. affectation (n) – behavior, speech, or writing that is artificial and designed to impress
: the affectation of a man who measures every word for effect
: she called the room her boudoir, which he thought an affectation
: some say that Madonna’s English accent is an affectation
74. consummate (adj) – complete or perfect in every respect
: she dressed with consummate elegance
: he acted the part with consummate skill
75. incorrigible (adj) – not able to be corrected or improved
: she's an incorrigible flirt
: an incorrigible habit of playing practical jokes
: He is always the class clown and his teachers say he is incorrigible.
76. elocution (n) – the way we express ourselves; speech
: he took courses in elocution and acting at the London Academy.
: he was known for his elocutionary skill
77. misanthrope (n) – a person who hates or mistrusts other people
: The grumpy misanthrope yelled at any kid who came into his yard.
: He was going to join a group of misanthropes but he disliked all the members.
78. obsequious (adj) submissive; obedient to an excessive degree
: They were served by obsequious waiters.
: She is positively obsequious to anyone with a title.
79. profligate (adj) – recklessly extravagent or wasteful
: profligate consumers of energy
: he succumbed to drink and a profligate lifestyle
profligacies (n) - excesses
80. vestige (n) – the last remaining part; a trace
: There's not a vestige of doubt that what she says is true.
: He waited patiently, but without a vestige of sympathy
: They found the fossilized vestige of a dinosaur that traversed that muddy landscape millions of years ago.
81. riposte (n) – a witty answer, comeback
: “You've got a strange sense of humor,” Grant riposted.
: He's known for having a brilliant riposte to nearly any insult.
82. idyll (n) – a carefree experience; a peaceful narrative
: Her year as a vineyard worker in the south of France was not the idyll that she had expected it to be.
: The Romantic poet wrote idylls that described rural life.
List #6 - concept "loan" words
61. zeitgeist (n) - the spirit of the time; the general moral, intellectual, and cultural climate of an era
Example: "Twitter provides an insight into the minute-by-minute zeitgeist of the internet."
About the Word:
This German word (Zeit means "time"; Geist means "spirit") is usually associated with the philosopher who popularized it, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
62. esprit de l'escalier (n) – a witty remark thought of too late
Example: "When he bragged about sleeping like a baby, I should have added the bit about waking up crying every two hours, but that's just esprit de l'escalier. At the time I just nodded and said nothing."
About the Word: From the French for "staircase wit," this phrase was coined by 18th century encyclopedist Denis Diderot. As a simpler alternative to esprit de l'escalier, English speakers sometimes use "escalator wit."
63. schadenfreude (n) - enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others
Examples:
:
Bob couldn’t help feeling schadenfreude when his nemesis, Gary got demoted at work.
: Some reality shows are popular because of the schadenfreude that they provide their viewers.
About the Word: The German Schaden means "damage"; Freude means "joy."
64. post hoc, ergo propter hoc - the logical mistake that one thing caused another just because it happened first; sometimes shortened to “post hoc”
Examples:
: Jen blamed the onset of her headache on the arrival of her in-laws, but that might just have been post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
: It was post hoc reasoning which led him to believe that blowing on the dice made him win the Craps game.
About the Word: This Latin phrase literally means "after this, therefore because of it."
65. Sisyphean (adj) - requiring continual and often ineffective effort
Examples:
: "Analysis: Greece's Sisyphean task to replace debt with growth" – Reuter's headline, Oct 3, 2011
: It takes Sisyphean effort to keep my house free of dog hair tumbleweeds.
About the Word: According to Greco-Roman mythology, after King Sisyphus died he was condemned to an eternity in Hades straining to roll a heavy stone up a hill only to watch it roll back down again each time.
66. apophasis (n) - the raising of an issue by claiming not to mention it
Example: (The following are examples of apophasis.)
: We won't discuss my opponent’s past crimes.
: I shall not discuss his cowardice or his treachery.
About the Word: Roman orator Cicero discussed this term, but apophasis has ancestry in Greek, where apophani means "to deny." This rhetorical device is a favorite of politicians and debaters.
67. zeugma (n) - a figure of speech in which two or more parts of a sentence are joined with a single common verb or noun
Examples:
"She lost her ticket and her temper."
“[My cousin] roars around on a shocking old motor bike – mustache and dignity flying in the morning breeze." – Sinclair Lewis
"There's people on the street using guns and knives, taking drugs and each others lives." -Flight of the Conchords, "Think About It"
You held your breath and the door for me. -Alanis Morissette, "Head over Feet"
About the Word:
Zeugma comes from a Greek word meaning "to join." In ancient times, the city of Zeugma spanned the two sides of the Euphrates river joined by a bridge.
68. doppelgänger (n) - a ghostly double of a living person; typically representing evil or misfortune.
: In the story, the character is haunted by a doppelgänger…
: At the mall today I saw someone who could be your doppelgänger…
About the Word: From the German meaning “double walker.” The word has come to refer to any double or look-alike of a person. Percy Shelley is said to have seen his doppelganger about a week before he drowned. The figure said, "How long do you mean to be content."
69. juggernaut (n) - something extremely large and powerful that destroys everything in its path
Examples:
: There was no escaping the juggernaut of hype for the studio's biggest summer blockbuster.
: a political juggernaut …
: a money-making juggernaut…
About the Word: From the Hindi Jagannāth, literally, “lord of the world,” title of Vishnu
70. put the kibosh on (v) – to put a stop to
Examples:
: His mother put the kibosh on his smoking habit.
: Headline: Apple tries to put the kibosh on iPad and iPhone giveaways
About the Word: Origin is unclear. Could be…
-from the Hebrew כבש, (kbsh) meaning conquer or tread down.
-from the Irish caidhp bháis, meaning death cap (the hood put on someone before they were hanged to death).
-from the Scots kye booties, meaning cow boots (the hobble put on cattle to prevent them from straying).
List #5 (More words from Frankenstein)
49. imbue (v) – to fill with; inspire
“Perhaps, if my first introduction to humanity had been made by a young soldier, burning for glory and slaughter, I should have been imbued with different sensations.”
: Her training at the school for the deaf imbued her with a sense of purpose that she had never known before.
: His war experiences imbued in him a strong sense of patriotism.
50. imprecate (v) – to call down evil curses on
“Oh, earth! How often did I imprecate curses on the cause of my being!”
: With her dying breath the witch imprecated the villagers for their relentless persecution of her.
51. sanguinary (adj) – blood thirsty; bloody
“Thanks to the lessons of Felix and the sanguinary laws of man, I had learned now to work mischief.”
: It was a movie so sanguinary I had to cover my eyes from most of it.
sanguine – cheerfully optimistic
: Her sanguine disposition made her a perfect kindergarden teacher.
52. dilatory (adj) – slow to do something; not prompt
: The homeowner is claiming that local firefighters were dilatory in responding to the call.
: She tends to be dilatory about answering letters.
53. acquiesce (v) - to accept, agree, or allow something to happen by staying silent or by not arguing
(often used with in and sometimes with to)
: We cannot acquiesce in the killing of innocent people.
54. sedulous (adj) - hard-working, diligent
: An impressively sedulous suitor, he was constantly sending her flowers and other tokens of his affection.
55. torpor (n) – sluggish inactivity; apathy
: We thought nothing could arouse him from his torpor until the pizza arrived.
: The sick person gradually fell into a torpor that lasted for days.
56. physiognomy (n) - facial features that reveal characteristics
: He and his son have the same distinctive physiognomy.
: If you look carefully at a person's physiognomy you can sometimes figure out if they are lying or telling the truth.
57. abjure (v) – to reject (something) formally
: The strict religious sect abjures the luxuries, comforts, and conveniences of the modern world.
: He abjured allegiance to his native country after the leader betrayed the people.
58. opprobrium (n) – strong disapproval (especially by a large group of people); a state of disgrace
: They're going ahead with the controversial plan despite public opprobrium.
: After allegedly causing Michael Jackson’s death, the doctor had to undergo the opprobrium of a public trial.
60. immure (v) - to imprison
: Immured by a controlling, possessive mother, the young man had no outside social life.
: Scientists at the research station in Alaska are immured by the frozen wastelands that surround them
61. conflagration (n) - a big, destructive fire or conflict
: The historic tavern burned to the ground in a horrible conflagration.
: The treaty is the latest attempt to resolve the ten-year conflagration.
List #4 (words from Frankenstein)
37. effusion (n) – an unrestrained outpouring (of liquid, words, etc.); in medicine: an escape of fluid into a body cavity
: a massive effusion of poisonous gas.
: “…those poets whose effusions entranced my soul”
38. capacious (adj) – roomy; spacious
: she rummaged in her capacious handbag
: a capacious mind
39. inexorable (adj) - impossible to stop or prevent
: the seemingly inexorable march of new technology
: we are inexorably linked to the past
40. capitulate (v) - to surrender (us. under agreed conditions)
: the company capitulatedto the labor union to avoid a strike
: The teacher refused to capitulate: no calculators were to be used during the exam.
41. paroxysm (n) – a sudden violent emotion or action
: He went into paroxysms of laughter…
: paroxymns of coughing…
42. quell (v) – to put an end to
: extra police were called to quell the disturbance
: he spoke up to quell any panic among the assembled youngsters
43. penury - very great poverty
: At the time, single women like herself without family to support her faced a lifetime of penury.
: As a result of the stock market crash, he was suddenly reduced from riches to absolute penury.
44. aver - to declare in a positive, formal way
: In spite of the incriminating evidence agains him, he averred that he was innocent.
: Her friends aver that she is honest and full of integrity and would never cheat.
45. efface (v) - to cause (something) to fade or disappear
: daylight effaced the stars
: a memory effaced by time
46. mutable (adj) – able or likely to change often
: the government's mutable economic policies
: a politician with very mutable positions on all the issues
: the mutability of the government's policies
47. uncouth (adj) - crude, unrefined, awkward
: “Sometimes I tried to imitate the pleasant songs of the birds… but the uncouth and inarticulate sounds which broke from me frightened me into silence again.”
: Grandma will not tolerate any uncouth behavior, such as eating with one's mouth open.
48. assuage (v)- to make less severe
: “Food, however, became scarce; and I often spent the whole day searching in vain for a few acorns to assuage the pangs of hunger.”
: Nothing could assuage the guilt he felt…
List #3 (MORE words from Hamlet)
25. conjecture(s) (n) – theories or predictions based on guesses
Horatio, about Ophelia’s strange behavior & words
“ ‘Twere good she were spoken with, for she may strew
Dangerous conjectures in ill-breeding minds” (4.5.19-20).
: Conjectures about the strange man were many and varied
: The purpose of the opening in the wall is open to conjecture.
26. pestilent (adj) – destructive; annoying
Claudius, about Laertes
“ [He] wants not buzzers to infect his ear
With pestilent speeches of his father’s death” (4.5.98-9).
: pestilent diseases
: He spread pestilent rumors about his nemisis.
27. abate (v) – to lessen; to reduce
: the storm suddenly abated
: nothing abated his crusading zeal
: a government program to abate greenhouse gas emissions
28. contrive (v) – to plan with cleverness; to manage, especially by means of a trick
: The oil companies were accused of contriving a shortage of gasoline to justify price increases.
: Somehow he contrived to pass her a note without her chaperone seeing it.
: They contrived to murder their boss…
(Adj) : the ending of the novel is too predictable and contrived.
29. perdition (n) - eternal damnation; hell
“Sir, his definement suffers no perdition in you”
He alleged that the film would lead young souls into perdition.
“The paradise of the free and the perdition of the slave.” Mark Twain
30. churlish (adj) – rude or surly
“I tell thee churlish priest,/ A ministering angel shall my sister be/ When thou liest howling.”
The churlish old curmudgeon next door refused to let the kids retrieve their Frisbee from his back yard.
“As valiant as the lion, churlish as the bear.” Shakespeare
31. extolment – high praise
“But in the verity of extolment I take him to be a soul of great article”
: Her grandmother’s extolment of her virtues in front of the whole family embarrassed the humble girl.
: The extolment the young celebrity received from his fans overwhelmed him.
32. felicity – great happiness
“Absent thee from felicity a while,/ And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain/ To tell my story”
: He told his friends that marriage had brought him a felicity that he had never known before.
: The felicity and contentment of the summer months…
33. indiscretion (n) – an act or remark that shows a lack of good judgment
“Our indiscretion sometime serves us well / When our deep plots do pall” (5.2.8-9)
: He was shocked to hear about his parent’s youthful indiscretions
: a single indiscretion can get you kicked out of that exclusive club
34. dearth (n) - a scarce supply
“I take him to be a soul of great article, and his [quality] of such dearth and rareness [among men]” (5.2.129-30).
: …a dearth of evidence
: They suffer from a dearth of resources…
35. germane (adj) - relevant and fitting
“The phrase would be more germane to the matter, if we could carry cannon by our sides” (5.2.171-2).
: Only evidence germane to the case will be allowed in court.
: Omit details that are not germane to the discussion.
36. carnal (adj) – of or relating to the body
“So shall you hear / Of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts / Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, / Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause” (5.2.422-4)
: Their passion became inflamed and their carnal desires ran wild.
: His carnal remains were in the casket, but his spirit will live on in the memories of his friends.
List #2 (words from Hamlet)
13. conceit (n) – an artistic effect or device or idea
“This player here, / But in a fiction, in a dream of passions, / Could
force his soul so to his own conceit” (2.2.578-80).
: The idea of the wind's singing is a prime romantic conceit.
: The director's brilliant conceit was to film this tale in black and white.
: an artistic conceit
: a clever conceit
14. malefaction (n) – an evil deed; crime
“I have heard / That guilty creatures sitting at a play / Have, by the
very cunning of the scene, / Been struck so to the soul that presently
/ They have proclaimed their malefactions” (2.2.617-621).
: The town treasurer has been linked to the kickback scheme and other financial malefactions.
15. insolence (n) - rude, arrogant behavior; backtalk
“For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, / Th’ oppressor’s
wrong, the proud man’s contumely, / The pangs of despised love, the
law’s delay, / The insolence of office, and the spurns / That patient
merit of the’ unworthy takes, / When he himself might his quietus make
/ With a bare bodkin?” (3.1.78-84).
: It was his insolence toward the officer that caused his arrest.
: She hated the insolent tone of his voice.
: The actor’s frequent displays of insolence have lowered her standing among movie fans
16. inoculate (v) - to vaccinate; to introduce something into the mind
“You should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so inoculate our
old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you not” (3.1.127-9).
: The doctor inoculated the children against smallpox.
: My teachers inoculated me with their beliefs…
: They had tried to inoculate him with a love of poetry at school, but it had not taken.
17. clemency (n) – leniency; mercy
From the Prologue of the play:
“For us and for our tragedy,
Here stooping to your clemency,
We beg your hearing patiently” (3.2.170-3).
: The judge ignored the prisoner's pleas for clemency.
: The mob boss offered clemency if I told him the name of the informer.
18. beguile (vb) – to deceive; to cheat
“My spirits grow dull, and fain I would beguile / The tedious day with
sleep” (3.2.249-50).
: She was cunning enough to beguile her brother into doing her chores.
: They were beguiled into thinking they'd heard the whole story.
19. fetters (n) - chains or shackles attached to the ankles
Claudius to R & G:
“Arm you, I pray you, to this speedy voyage,
For we will fetters put about this fear,
Which now goes too free-footed” (3.3.25-27).
: A time-honored tradition is fine as long as it doesn't become a fetter that prevents us from trying something new.
: He claims that government regulations are unnecessary fetters that keep him from achieving his business goals.
20. bulwark (n) – anything serving as a defense against an attack
Hamlet to Gertrude:
“Let me wring your heart; for so I shall
If it be made of penetrable stuff,
If damned custom have not brazed it so
That it be proof and bulwark against sense” (3.4.43-6).
: Democratic principles that stand as a bulwark against tyranny…
: A bulwark of freedom…
21. diadem (n) – a crown
Hamlet to Gertrude about Claudius:
“A cutpurse of the empire and the rule,
That from a shelf the precious diadem stole
And put it in his pocket - ” (3.4.113-5)
: Miss America's diadem was auctioned off for charity.
22. pander (v) – to cater to the lower tastes and desires of others
: The film panders to the popular taste for violence in entertainment.
: Some newspapers pander to people's interest in crime and violence.
23. chide (v) – to express disapproval of (someone/thing)
Hamlet to his father’s ghost:
“Do you not come your tardy son to chide,
That, lapsed in time and passion, lets go by
Th’ important acting of your dread command?” (3.4.22-4)
: She chided us for arriving late.
: He is quick to chide his staff for any mistakes or oversights.
24. prate (v) – to talk long and idly
Hamlet to Gertrude about dead Polonius:
“This counselor
Is now most still, most secret, and most grave,
Who was in life a foolish prating knave” (3.4.236-8).
: She kept prating (on) about what she did over the weekend.
: Because of her reputation as a prating gossip, she made few friends in the village.
List #1 (words from Hamlet)
1. portentous (adj) – full of unspecifiable significance; exciting wonder and awe
“... that this portentous figure/ Comes armed through our watch”
: a portentous defeat
: portentous prophecies of doom
2. filial (adj) – of or pertaining to a son or daughter
“But you must know your father lost a father. / That father lost, lost his, and the survivor bound in filial obligation for some term.”
: a display of filial affection
: his filial responsibilities include…
3. prodigal (adj) – rashly or wastefully extravagant
“The chariest maid is prodigal enough/ If she unmask her beauty to the moon.”
: her prodigal habits
: his prodigal shopping sprees
4. pernicious (adj) - destructive, esp. in a gradual or subtle way
“O most pernicious woman!/ O villain, villain, smiling damned villain!”
: her pernicious lies
: the pernicious influences of social media
5. suspiration (n) – a long, deep sigh
“Nor windy suspiration of forced breath / No, nor the fruitful river in the eye…”
: a great suspiration of relief
: the suspiration revealed his boredom
6. countenance (n) – the face or facial features
“A countenance more in sorrow than in anger.”
: his pleasant countenance
: a countenance of confusion
7. calumnious (adj) – harmful and (often) untrue; slanderous
“Virtue itself ‘scapes not calumnious strokes.”
: the calumnious report on TMZ
(n) calumny : He was the target of calumny for his unpopular beliefs.
8. dalliance (n) – frivolous action or play; also, an archaic word for flirtation
“Do not, as some ungracious pastors do, / Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, / Whiles …Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads.”
: the serious scientist is not much given to dalliance
: “Mae West, whose nasally provocative delivery, eye-rolling, lip-pursing, and pelvic tics parody the conventional invitation to dalliance, is never our of control and is camp, pure and simple.” Curtis Brown, from his book “Is It Kitsch or Is It Camp?”
9. traduce (v) - speak badly of or tell lies about (someone)
"This heavy-headed revel east and west / Makes ustraduced and taxed of other nations" (1.4.19-20)
: was traduced in the press
: how dare you traduce the reputation of a dead relative
10. cerement(s) (n)–burial clothes or cloth
"But tell / Why they canonized bones, hearsed in death, / Have burst their cerements..." (1.4.51-3).
: from the grave's cerements to the robes of heaven
: the coffin was forced, the cerements torn…
11. knave (n) - a dishonest man; a scoundrel
“There’s never a villain dwelling in all Denmark / But he’s an arrant knave” (1.5.137-8).
: he is either a fool or a knave
: “you are a counterfeit cowardly knave”
: “Scurvy knave!”
12. antic (adj) – ludicrous or bizarre; (n) – an outrageous act
“I perchance hereafter shall think meet / To put an antic disposition on” (1.5.191-2).
: the clown made antic faces
: her antic manner caused concern
: the antics of our political parties